Sorry I didn't have time to send this out prior to leaving for the Lacrosse tournament this weekend.
The test is the review question #13 at the back of chapter 17.
Please respond no later than Tuesday 11:59 p.m.
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Anonymous
said...
BNR (biological nutrient removal) is a process in which secondary activated-sludge systems have been added and are are being modified and operated in a manner that both removes nutrients and oxidizes detrius. The main principals are that it maximizes biological digestion and removes maximum amounts of debris and grit from the soil.
For example, in the case of the biological removal of nitrogen, the activated sludge system is partitioned into zones and is controlled in a manner that promotes the nitrogen dentrification process.
Additionally, in the axample of phosphorus, phosphorus is removed as the excess organisms are removed from the system. These organisms and the phosphate they contain are added and then treated with raw sluge, producing a more nutrient rich treated sluge product.
The reason for biological nutrient removal is that excess phosphorus and nitrogen in bodies of water can cause eutrophication. Eutrophication is caused by nutrient enrichment, resulting in the rapid growth and then die off of phytoplankton, then the accumulation of detritus, the growth of bacteria who feed on the detritus, and the depletion of dissolved oxygen and eventual suffocation of other organisms. Biological nutrient removal prevents this chain of events from happening. Nitrogen is removed through denitifrication, which returns it to the atmosphere as a gas, and phosphorus is removed by bacteria absorbing it.
As waste enters a water treatement plant, the goal is to purify the water so that it can be used again. Removing biological wastes is important because it removes the nutrients from the waste. Without removal of the nutrients, they can enter a waterway and promote algal blooms, thus causing eutrophocation and the deaths of all higher organisms in that body of water. By removing the nutrients, the water that enters these bodies of water is cleaner and have less nutrients than it would otherwise. During the process of the activated-sludge systems, nitrogen enters an area where it starts to denitrify, and the phosphorous enters a nutrient-rich sludge product that is used as fertilizer once it is disinfected from dangerous pathogens.
The prinicples involved in biological nutrient removal,BNR, are that it maximixes biological digestion and removes a maximum amount of debris and grit.BNR also removes nutrients and oxidizes detritus.
During the natural nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is removed through denitrification, during which various bacteria convert nutrient forms of nitrogen back into nonnutritive nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Additionally, during BNR, the activated-sludge system is positioned into zones, and the individual environments of these zones are then controlled to better promote the dentrifying process.
For the removal of phosphorous, in the environment, bacteria takes up phsohates and stores it in their bodies and phosphorous then is then removed. Also, phosphorous is removed using various chemical process that produce a resultant chemical that removes phosphorous along with sludge.
The ideals of Biological Nutrient Removal is to remove dissolved inorganic material and leave the water clean enough to use or safetly reintroduce into the environment. Other goals are to prevent cultural eutrophication (algea booms) by removing nutrients and oxidizing detritus. By removing these, the water that goes back into the environment is cleaner and has less of the damging nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Special nutrient sludge systems remove these two compounds. Nitrogen is pulled out, and put into a sludge system where, once detoxified, can be used as fertilizer. Phosphorus also enters an area where the "sludge" is treated and disinfected. Then it is used as fertilizer.
The main principle that provides the need for the removal of biological nutrients from waste is eutrophication. Eutrophication means "well nourished" which doesn't sound bad at all, however water with great amounts of nutrients in it leads to many problems. One consequence of eutrophication is that it can increase turbidity. This lets light penetrate the surface of the water less and less. This diminishes the amount of SAV (submerged aquatic vegetation) that can survive. Also, nutrient rich water supports to great a population of phytoplankton (various species of algea). A normal amount of algea is good in a stream, but with enough light and nutrients, the population can explode. One of the biggest issues with too much phytoplankton is that when they die off they settle on the bottom where they are decomposed by decomposers and this greatly diminishes the vital dissolved oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorous are key in this issue of over nourishment because they are the main nutrients that would primarily be found in our wastes. These two nutrients are what must be targeted and removed by the biological nutrient removal to decrease the human contribution to eutrophication.
Review Question #13: Originally, the principles involved in the removal of biological nutrients from waste are to remove organic material from the waste to result in the accomplishment of nutrient-rich discharge (biochemical oxygen demand). Now, the BNR process both removes nutrients and oxidizes detritus. In this process, nitrogen is converted by bacteria and the removal of nitrogen is done in zones controlled in a way that promotes the denitrifying process. Like nitrogen, phosphorus plays a key role. Bacteria have phosphate in their bodies, so phosphate is removed when organisms are removed from the system.
The principles for removing nutrients from waste is to decrease unwanted plant growth that is the outcome of excessive amounts of nutrients. Plant growth is normalized by the removal of nutrients from wastes. More nutrients means more phytoplankton which increases turbidity and shades the sun from SAV that need it. No more SAV means no more food, habitat, and dissolved oxygen. This also means a great loss in biodiversity. Nutrients are added by point and nonpoint wastes. In natural habitats the amount of nutrients supplied in an area is regulated natural. Adding nonpoint wastes such as farm water run off with high amounts of phosphurous and nitrogen it sparks an unwanted growth in phytoplankton and other plants. If nutrients are removed from wastes phosphorous is added to the sludge that has already been treated. Nitrogen however is turned back into gas through dentrification.
When sewage treatment plants were first being built, few people concerned themselves with such minor matters as the nitrogen or phosphorus content in the water. At the time, few people realized that these elements are the trigger for eutrophication. Nowadays, people are aware of the dangers of releasing those chemicals into the water supply. Therefore, under the principle of environmental stewardship, and in an effort to reduce our ecosystem footprint, BNR (Biological Nutrient Removal) has become a standard part of sewage treatment plants.
Yet, what does BNR actually achieve as a process? BNR does one key thing – it either eliminates entirely, or drastically cuts the level of nitrogen and phosphorus found in the water. While a lower level of those chemicals, within reasonable limits, is always a good thing, it bears mentioning that a stream has a certain level of both those chemicals, which it can neutralize. However, as we don’t have exact measurements for either what that level is, or how much is being emitted, it would be best to remove as much of these pollutants as possible, especially as they can build up over time. Now, that leaves us with one final question – what to do with the remnants of the phosphorus and nitrogen?
With regards to the phosphorus, bacteria are introduced into the water, which digest. These break it down into simpler particles, which will not contribute to eutrophication. Nitrogen is also quite simple, as it is denitrified, to convert it back into nitrogen gas, the form that it originally was in.
The principles of biological nutrient removal is to remove the dissolved inorganic materials, and leave the water clean and safe enough to reintroduce into the environment. BNR also oxidizes detritus. Other goals are to prevent the eutrophication, or algea booms, that cause dead zones. Nitrogen is converted by the bacteria, and the removal of this nitrogen is done in zones that are controlled in a way that promotes the dentrification process. Also, phosphorus plays a key role because bacteria have phosphate in their bodies, so when the bacteria are removed from the system, so is the phosphate.
The removal of biological nutrients from wastes accomplishes the removal of debris and grit. It also oxidizes detritus.
The removal of nitrogen is through the process of dentrification, the process of various bacteria converting nutrients of nitrogen to non-nutrient nitrogen gas. For the biological removal of nitrogen the activated sludge system is seperated into different zones where each zone is controlled differently to promote the process of denitrification.
Phosphate is removed as the excess organisms are also removed from the system because in an oxygen rich environment the bacteria will take the phosphate into their bodies and store it. There are many chemical treatments as an alternative to BNR. Some of the treatments result in the phosphorus being removed along with the sludge because the chemicals make it insoluble which allows it to be removed with the sludge.
Review of Question #13: The goal in treating our waste water is to produce something that will not harm the environment. If we were to just dump our waste into waterways the nutrients in the waste would cause an outbreak of plant growth. The growth would soon take over the water and choke out any and all other forms of life in the water creating a dead zone.
To clean up the nitrogen various forms of bacteria are used to induce denitrification, which converts the nitrogen from a nutrient form into a nonnutirent form of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere.
Phosphorous is also treated with the help of bacteria. These bacterium take up the phosphates in their bodies and are then moved with the rest of the raw sludge to be treated separately, which will in the end produce a treated sludge product which is nutrient rich.
The principles involved in the removal of biological nutrients form waste are the removal of all of the organic materials from the waste in an effort achieve a nutrient-rich discharge as a result. This is called the biochemical oxygen demand. During the biological nutrient removal or BNR process, both the nutrients are removed, and it oxidizes detritus. Thus, the water headed back into the natural waterways is cleaner and healthier. Other goals would include prevention of the eutrophication, or algae booms, which cause dead zones. Nitrogen is removed through the process of denitifrication, returning to the atmosphere as gas. Phosphorus is removed along with the organisms which get removed, because they store it in their bodies. They’re added to the sludge, which gets disinfected.
Biological nutrient removal (BNR) is a process that includes the removal of nutrients and the oxidization of detritus. The first step that takes place is preliminary treatment, which happens in two phases. the first is the screening out of debris and the second is the settling of grit. the nest step is the primary treatment, where water then flows very slowly through large tanks called primary clarifiers. Finally, secondary treatment occurs which uses organisms to feed on the colloidal and dissolved organic material and break it down to carbon dioxide and water through their cell respiration. These processes maximize biological digestion and removes large amounts of debris and grit from the soil.
In this process, nitrogen is converted back to nunnutritive nitrogen gas in the atmosphere through denitrification. Phosphorus is removed from the system because bacteria take up the phosphate from the solution and store it in their bodies.
15 comments:
BNR (biological nutrient removal) is a process in which secondary activated-sludge systems have been added and are are being modified and operated in a manner that both removes nutrients and oxidizes detrius. The main principals are that it maximizes biological digestion and removes maximum amounts of debris and grit from the soil.
For example, in the case of the biological removal of nitrogen, the activated sludge system is partitioned into zones and is controlled in a manner that promotes the nitrogen dentrification process.
Additionally, in the axample of phosphorus, phosphorus is removed as the excess organisms are removed from the system. These organisms and the phosphate they contain are added and then treated with raw sluge, producing a more nutrient rich treated sluge product.
The reason for biological nutrient removal is that excess phosphorus and nitrogen in bodies of water can cause eutrophication. Eutrophication is caused by nutrient enrichment, resulting in the rapid growth and then die off of phytoplankton, then the accumulation of detritus, the growth of bacteria who feed on the detritus, and the depletion of dissolved oxygen and eventual suffocation of other organisms. Biological nutrient removal prevents this chain of events from happening. Nitrogen is removed through denitifrication, which returns it to the atmosphere as a gas, and phosphorus is removed by bacteria absorbing it.
As waste enters a water treatement plant, the goal is to purify the water so that it can be used again. Removing biological wastes is important because it removes the nutrients from the waste. Without removal of the nutrients, they can enter a waterway and promote algal blooms, thus causing eutrophocation and the deaths of all higher organisms in that body of water. By removing the nutrients, the water that enters these bodies of water is cleaner and have less nutrients than it would otherwise. During the process of the activated-sludge systems, nitrogen enters an area where it starts to denitrify, and the phosphorous enters a nutrient-rich sludge product that is used as fertilizer once it is disinfected from dangerous pathogens.
The prinicples involved in biological nutrient removal,BNR, are that it maximixes biological digestion and removes a maximum amount of debris and grit.BNR also removes nutrients and oxidizes detritus.
During the natural nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is removed through denitrification, during which various bacteria convert nutrient forms of nitrogen back into nonnutritive nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Additionally, during BNR, the activated-sludge system is positioned into zones, and the individual environments of these zones are then controlled to better promote the dentrifying process.
For the removal of phosphorous, in the environment, bacteria takes up phsohates and stores it in their bodies and phosphorous then is then removed. Also, phosphorous is removed using various chemical process that produce a resultant chemical that removes phosphorous along with sludge.
The ideals of Biological Nutrient Removal is to remove dissolved inorganic material and leave the water clean enough to use or safetly reintroduce into the environment. Other goals are to prevent cultural eutrophication (algea booms) by removing nutrients and oxidizing detritus. By removing these, the water that goes back into the environment is cleaner and has less of the damging nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Special nutrient sludge systems remove these two compounds. Nitrogen is pulled out, and put into a sludge system where, once detoxified, can be used as fertilizer. Phosphorus also enters an area where the "sludge" is treated and disinfected. Then it is used as fertilizer.
The main principle that provides the need for the removal of biological nutrients from waste is eutrophication. Eutrophication means "well nourished" which doesn't sound bad at all, however water with great amounts of nutrients in it leads to many problems. One consequence of eutrophication is that it can increase turbidity. This lets light penetrate the surface of the water less and less. This diminishes the amount of SAV (submerged aquatic vegetation) that can survive. Also, nutrient rich water supports to great a population of phytoplankton (various species of algea). A normal amount of algea is good in a stream, but with enough light and nutrients, the population can explode. One of the biggest issues with too much phytoplankton is that when they die off they settle on the bottom where they are decomposed by decomposers and this greatly diminishes the vital dissolved oxygen. Nitrogen and phosphorous are key in this issue of over nourishment because they are the main nutrients that would primarily be found in our wastes. These two nutrients are what must be targeted and removed by the biological nutrient removal to decrease the human contribution to eutrophication.
Review Question #13:
Originally, the principles involved in the removal of biological nutrients from waste are to remove organic material from the waste to result in the accomplishment of nutrient-rich discharge (biochemical oxygen demand). Now, the BNR process both removes nutrients and oxidizes detritus.
In this process, nitrogen is converted by bacteria and the removal of nitrogen is done in zones controlled in a way that promotes the denitrifying process.
Like nitrogen, phosphorus plays a key role. Bacteria have phosphate in their bodies, so phosphate is removed when organisms are removed from the system.
The principles for removing nutrients from waste is to decrease unwanted plant growth that is the outcome of excessive amounts of nutrients. Plant growth is normalized by the removal of nutrients from wastes. More nutrients means more phytoplankton which increases turbidity and shades the sun from SAV that need it. No more SAV means no more food, habitat, and dissolved oxygen. This also means a great loss in biodiversity.
Nutrients are added by point and nonpoint wastes. In natural habitats the amount of nutrients supplied in an area is regulated natural. Adding nonpoint wastes such as farm water run off with high amounts of phosphurous and nitrogen it sparks an unwanted growth in phytoplankton and other plants. If nutrients are removed from wastes phosphorous is added to the sludge that has already been treated. Nitrogen however is turned back into gas through dentrification.
When sewage treatment plants were first being built, few people concerned themselves with such minor matters as the nitrogen or phosphorus content in the water. At the time, few people realized that these elements are the trigger for eutrophication. Nowadays, people are aware of the dangers of releasing those chemicals into the water supply. Therefore, under the principle of environmental stewardship, and in an effort to reduce our ecosystem footprint, BNR (Biological Nutrient Removal) has become a standard part of sewage treatment plants.
Yet, what does BNR actually achieve as a process? BNR does one key thing – it either eliminates entirely, or drastically cuts the level of nitrogen and phosphorus found in the water. While a lower level of those chemicals, within reasonable limits, is always a good thing, it bears mentioning that a stream has a certain level of both those chemicals, which it can neutralize. However, as we don’t have exact measurements for either what that level is, or how much is being emitted, it would be best to remove as much of these pollutants as possible, especially as they can build up over time. Now, that leaves us with one final question – what to do with the remnants of the phosphorus and nitrogen?
With regards to the phosphorus, bacteria are introduced into the water, which digest. These break it down into simpler particles, which will not contribute to eutrophication. Nitrogen is also quite simple, as it is denitrified, to convert it back into nitrogen gas, the form that it originally was in.
Review Question #13
The principles of biological nutrient removal is to remove the dissolved inorganic materials, and leave the water clean and safe enough to reintroduce into the environment. BNR also oxidizes detritus. Other goals are to prevent the eutrophication, or algea booms, that cause dead zones. Nitrogen is converted by the bacteria, and the removal of this nitrogen is done in zones that are controlled in a way that promotes the dentrification process. Also, phosphorus plays a key role because bacteria have phosphate in their bodies, so when the bacteria are removed from the system, so is the phosphate.
The removal of biological nutrients from wastes accomplishes the removal of debris and grit. It also oxidizes detritus.
The removal of nitrogen is through the process of dentrification, the process of various bacteria converting nutrients of nitrogen to non-nutrient nitrogen gas. For the biological removal of nitrogen the activated sludge system is seperated into different zones where each zone is controlled differently to promote the process of denitrification.
Phosphate is removed as the excess organisms are also removed from the system because in an oxygen rich environment the bacteria will take the phosphate into their bodies and store it.
There are many chemical treatments as an alternative to BNR. Some of the treatments result in the phosphorus being removed along with the sludge because the chemicals make it insoluble which allows it to be removed with the sludge.
Review of Question #13:
The goal in treating our waste water is to produce something that will not harm the environment. If we were to just dump our waste into waterways the nutrients in the waste would cause an outbreak of plant growth. The growth would soon take over the water and choke out any and all other forms of life in the water creating a dead zone.
To clean up the nitrogen various forms of bacteria are used to induce denitrification, which converts the nitrogen from a nutrient form into a nonnutirent form of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere.
Phosphorous is also treated with the help of bacteria. These bacterium take up the phosphates in their bodies and are then moved with the rest of the raw sludge to be treated separately, which will in the end produce a treated sludge product which is nutrient rich.
The principles involved in the removal of biological nutrients form waste are the removal of all of the organic materials from the waste in an effort achieve a nutrient-rich discharge as a result. This is called the biochemical oxygen demand. During the biological nutrient removal or BNR process, both the nutrients are removed, and it oxidizes detritus. Thus, the water headed back into the natural waterways is cleaner and healthier. Other goals would include prevention of the eutrophication, or algae booms, which cause dead zones. Nitrogen is removed through the process of denitifrication, returning to the atmosphere as gas. Phosphorus is removed along with the organisms which get removed, because they store it in their bodies. They’re added to the sludge, which gets disinfected.
Biological nutrient removal (BNR) is a process that includes the removal of nutrients and the oxidization of detritus. The first step that takes place is preliminary treatment, which happens in two phases. the first is the screening out of debris and the second is the settling of grit. the nest step is the primary treatment, where water then flows very slowly through large tanks called primary clarifiers. Finally, secondary treatment occurs which uses organisms to feed on the colloidal and dissolved organic material and break it down to carbon dioxide and water through their cell respiration. These processes maximize biological digestion and removes large amounts of debris and grit from the soil.
In this process, nitrogen is converted back to nunnutritive nitrogen gas in the atmosphere through denitrification. Phosphorus is removed from the system because bacteria take up the phosphate from the solution and store it in their bodies.
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